The patterning of body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental events
Degrees of Freedom Problem Defined
How can an effective yet efficient control system be designed so that a large number of independent elements or components are constrained to act in a particular way?
Open Loop Control System
no environmental factors, it does what it is meant to do without any feedback to affect how it works (ex: toaster)
Closed Loop Control System
immediate feedback affects what that system does (ex: a programmable thermostat adjusts the temp automatically)
Hierarchical Model
Assumes that all aspects of movement planning an execution are the SOLE responsibility of one or more cortical centers. (open loop system)
Dynamic System
motor behavior results from the interaction of multiple subsystems. (closed loop system)
Invariant features
relative timing + relative force + sequence of components
Parameter defn
overall force + overall duration + muscles
Schema
a rule or set or rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision
Hierarchical strengths
account for ability to perform movements in the absence of sensory feedback, GMP can be used to perform a broad variety of movements by applying different movement parameters
Motor Program
Movements stored in memory in the form of plans or programs for movements in the hierarchical theory.
Dynamic Systems Theory
multidisciplinary perspective using nonlinear dynamics
Nonlinear Dynamics
behavioral change over time does not follow a linear progression (overrides cognitive b/c of other systems)
What are the constructs of the dynamic systems theory?
stability, order parameters, control parameters, self-organization, coordinative structures, perception and action coupling
Phase transition
part of stability where you change from one movement to another (uncomfortable)
Attractor states
stable behavioral steady states of system (where system wants to be)
Order parameters
functionally specific variables that define the overall behavior of a system.
Control parameters
variable that when its critical value is reached influences the stability and character of the order parameter. (ex: force, duration, speed)
Self organization
when certain conditions characterize a situation, a specific stable pattern of behavior emerges.
Coordinative structures
skilled action results when a person’s nervous system constrains functionally specific synergies of muscles and joints to act cooperatively… practice or experience or naturally.
Perception and action coupling
emphasis on the interaction of perceptual and movement variables.
Role of proprioception
provides an important source of feedback when action is under closed loop control.
Deafferentation studies
capable of doing learned skills but not as accurate or precise
Anticipation timing
vision is used to make movements of the body and/ or its parts coincide w/ those of an object or other person
3 phases of manual timing
movement preparation, initial flight phase, and termination
Vision and prehension
reaching and grasping object, drinking from a cup, snagging a throw
Tau
Time to contact based on retinal size
Filter or bottlenect theory
time based limitation perspective
Central resource theory
human attention capacity is a single general fund from which all activities must be funded.
CRC Kahneman
capacity of the central pool of resources are flexible depending on certain conditions (model)
Multiple resource theory
we have several attention mechanisms, each with limited resources.
Wickens Theory
our ability to perform 2 or more tasks depends on wheter the demands come from a common resource or different ones
Attentional Focus
The process of directing your attention to specific things (width, direction, and interactive)
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