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PSY
developmental psy
Question | Answer |
---|---|
what is important in development? | nature and nurture |
nature: | what we're born with; our genes |
nurture: | what we are taught |
what are some methods that scientists used to study whether or not nature or nurture plays a bigger role in our development? | adoption studies, twin studies |
adoption studies: | is the adopted child more like their adoptive parents or biological parents? |
twin studies: | are separated twins still alike? |
what are some problems with the twin studies? | did the same type of family adopt each child? We dig for similarities instead of recognizing the differences; same-appearance = self-fulfilling prophecy |
how many pairs of chromosomes does a human cell have? | 23 |
which is the only chromosome not paired? | sperm and egg |
why can't a dog and cat reproduce together? | they don't have the same number of chromosomes in their cells |
When a baby is born, which sense is well-developed? | their hearing, taste, and smell (can recognize mom and dad's voice, love mom's smell) |
how is a baby's vision when he/she is first born? | very near-sighted; prefer faces, patterns; can only see black and white; then primary colors, then pastels, etc. |
as far as memory goes... | babies prefer to hear stories that were read to them while they were still in the womb! |
Freud says that as far as personality development there are 5 stages: | oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital |
oral | ages 0-2, put everything in mouth, some don't ever leave this stage according to Freud (biting nails, chewing on pens) |
anal: | potty-training; according to freud this may determine whether you are either anal-retentive or anal-expulsive |
Erikson's theory of trust says that... | a person develops trust as a baby; if the parents run to the child every time they cry they are likely to trust more easily in life rather than if the child gets no attention at all. |
Harry Harlow did an experiment testing the theory of: | contact comfort |
contact comfort: | everyone wants to be touched; babies will develop faster and better the more they are caressed and touched. |
Who came up with the theory of Identity? | Marcia |
According to marcia, what are the two steps a person must go through in their lifetime? | crisis and commitment |
crisis: | some time in your life you will have an 'identity crisis' and really think about who you want to be and what you want to do |
commitment: | you really figure out what you want and you commit to it. |
What are the four boxes of Marcia's theory? | diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achieved |
diffusion: | NN: party it up! Life is short! |
moratorium: | YN: adolescence; thinking about what you want to do/who you are, no commitment; kind of crappy feeling |
foreclosure: | NY: making a commitment without thinking it over first; maybe because of the expectations of others, etc.... no crisis |
identity achieved: | where we strive to be; you know who you are; you are happy with you life! |
What are the three theories of aging? | wear and tear; Genetic programming; Kubler-Ross's theory of death and dying |
wear and tear: | aging results from gradual wearing out |
genetic programming: | built in biological clocks |
Kubler-Ross death and dying theory: | LOOK UP IN BOOK |
Who wrote "rites of passage"? | Colin Turnbull |
what are "rites of passage"? | a significant event or ceremony to mark the transition from childhood to adulthood |
What are Turnbull's Three stages he says are present in most NON-western rites of passage? | a period of separation; a long period of preparation for adulthood and new status; reincorporation into the group or family as an adult |
cultures that use rites of passage... | seem to have much less conflict and turmoil between adolescents and adults |
Androgyny or Androgynous: | very flexible; posses the most flexible set of traits |
masculine if: | rated high on masculine and low on feminine traits |
feminine if: | rated high on feminine and low on masculine traits |
undifferentiated if: | rated low in both feminine and masculine traits |
Androgynous if: | rated high in both feminine and masculine; flexible as in they are willing to take risks but also be sensitive to the needs of others |
Who developed this inventory? | Sandra Bem |
What are the four different gender-role orientations? | masculine, feminine, undifferentiated, or androgynous |
Situational objects: | cues to enhance aggressive behaviors |
weapons effect: | when the presence of a weapon serves as a cue to aggressive behaviors in general |