| Question | Answer |
| chemistry | the study of materials and their interactions |
| matter | the substance of the physical world |
| What are the four characteristics of matter? | occupies space, has inertia, cannot be created or destroyed under ordinary conditions, and ordinarily exists in three basic states |
| inertia | the property of resisting changes in motion |
| mass | the quantity of matter a certain object contains |
| What are the three states of matter? | solid, liquid, gas |
| plasma | a form of matter that occurs when temperatures become too high for matter in its ordinary states |
| What does the atomic theory of matter state? | that all matter consists of tiny particles called atoms |
| atoms | make up molecules |
| elements | composed of a single type of atom |
| compounds | composed of more than one type of atom |
| molecule | a group of atoms linked together |
| chemical symbol | a unique abbreviation for each element or compound |
| Brownian motion | the random motion of microscopic particles |
| kinetic theory of matter | states that molecules of matter are constantly in motion |
| diffusion | the process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion |
| osmosis | one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane |
| nucleus | an atom's dense central core |
| protons | a positive subatomic particle |
| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus |
| neutron | subatomic particle with no electrical charge |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element having different number of neutrons |
| quarks | building blocks of the atom's nucleus |
| electron | a tiny, negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom |
| electron shell | a layer of electrons revolving around the nucleus |
| energy levels | electron shells |
| neutrino | subatomic particle that is related to the electron but has no electric charge and little mass |
| quantum theory | states that tiny particles such as electrons do not absorb or release energy in a smooth flow |
| quantum | a discrete packet that energy is always absorbed or released by |
| Bohr model | the most familiar model of the atom |
| wave-mechanical model | emphasized the wave aspect of the movement of electrons |
| electron-cloud model | a model in which electrons do not have definite orbits |
| Heisenberg uncertainty principle | the idea that the position and the velocity of an electron simultaneously |
| mass number | the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus |
| atomic mass units | what atomic mass is measured in |
| atomic mass | the average mass of all the various isotopes of an element compared to the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
| When chemists speak of the atomic mass of an element, they mean __?__. | the average atomic mass |
| radioactive | defines and substance that is unstable and thus liable to produce radiation |
| half life | the length of time it takes of 1/2 the original substance of decay into a new substance |
| radioactive decay | the change undergone when an atomic nucleus breaks up or changes |
| alpha decay | occurs when an unstable atom ejects a clump of two protons and two neutrons |
| beta decay | occurs when a neutron in an atom's nucleus changes into a proton and emits an electron |
| gamma radiation | consists of electromagnetic waves of extremely high frequency and energy |
| nuclear fission | when the nucleus splits into several pieces |
| chain reaction | a domino-effect of nuclear fission |
| critical mass | a certain amount of fissionable material present |
| nuclear reactor | can control a chain reaction |
| breeder reactors | produce more nuclear fuel than they use |
| Chernobyl | a place in Ukraine in which a nuclear explosion occurred, killing 32 people |
| nuclear fusion | process of combining two nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and thereby releasing much energy |
| All atoms seek to have ? electrons in their outermost shell. | 8 |
| valence electrons | the electrons in the outermost shell |
| periodic table of the elements | a table of the elements arranged by the atomic number and valence |
| periodic law | states that when elements are arranged by their increasing atomic numbers, they show regular and repeating properties |
| alkali metals | (IA) soft, shiny metals with low melting points |
| alkaline earth metals | (IIA) harder and denser than alkali metals |
| transition metals | (IB-VIIIB) all have 1 or 2 electrons in their outer shells and have similar properties |
| inner transition metals | (IIIB and IVB) all have two electrons in their other shells and share similar properties |
| halogens | (VIIA) easily combine with IA and IIA metals to form salts |
| noble gases | (VIIIA) rarely combine with other elements |
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Created by:
Teens
on 2011-09-21