| Question |
Answer |
| if foramina are present you should automatically know it is a _______ vertebrae | cervical |
| spinous processes of the ______ vertebrae cause it to look like a ______ head from the lateral view | thoracic; giraffe's |
| sacrum | fusion of 5 vertebrae; superiorly articulates with L5 & inferiorly connects with coccyx; posterior wall of pelvis |
| alae | wing like articulation, laterally with hip bones forming sacroiliac joints |
| median sacral crest | fused spinous process of sacral vertebrae; posterior midline surface of sacrum |
| sacral foramina | smaller in size and less regular in form than the anterior, and transmit the posterior divisions of the sacral nerves |
| sacral canal | lodges the sacral nerves, and its walls are perforated by the anterior and posterior sacral foramina through which these nerves pass out |
| sacral hiatus | large inferior opening where sacral canal terminates |
| coccyx | fusion of 3-5 tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae; tailbone |
| bony thorax | sternum, ribs, & thoracic vertebrae; thoracic cage; contains heart, lungs & major blood vessels |
| sternum | breastbone; typical flat bone result of fusion of 3 bones: manubrium, body, xiphoid process; attached to first 7 pairs of ribs |
| jugular notch | concave upper border of manubrium; level of 3rd thoracic vertebrae |
| sternal angle | manubrium & body meet at slight angle to each other, so transverse ridge is formed at level of 2nd ribs |
| xiphisternal joint | sternal body & xiphoid process fuse, lies level of 9th thoracic vertebrae |
| sternal puncture | needle inserted into marrow of sternum, in order to obtain sample for testing of blood diseases |
| ribs | 12 pairs, form walls of bony thorax; all articulate with vertebral column posteriorly, then curve downward & toward anterior body surface |
| true ribs | first 7 pairs, attach directly to sternum by costal cartilage |
| false ribs | next five pairs, either attach indirectly to sternum or are not attached to sternum at all |
| floating ribs | last 2 sets of false ribs lack any sternal attachment |
| intercostal spaces are fill with intercostal muscles which aid in _________ | breathing |
| shoulder girdle | pectoral girdle; consists of a clavicle & scapula |
| clavicle | collarbone; slender, doubly curved bone; attaches medially to manubrium of sternum & laterally to scapula, helping to form should joint; important bracing function |
| when clavicle is broken the whole should region ___ ___ | caves in |
| scapula | should blade; triangular, wing-shaped; flattened body w/ two processes; not directly attached to axial skeleton, held in place loosely by trunk muscle |
| acromion process | enlarged end of spine of scapula; connects with clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint |
| coracoid process | beaklike; points over top of should & anchors some muscles of the arm |
| suprascapular notch | medial to coracoid process; large nerve passageway |
| the 3 borders of the scapula are | superior, medial (vertebral) & lateral (axillary) |
| the 3 angles of the scapula are | superior, inferior & lateral |
| glenoid cavity | shallow socket that receives head of the arm bone, in the lateral angle |
| sternoclavicular joint | only point at which the shoulder girdle attached to axial skeleton |
| as its muscles act the loose attachment of the ______ allows it to slide back and forth against the thorax | scapula |
| the shoulder girdle is very easily ______ | dislocated |
| humerus | single bone in the arm; typical long bone; proximal end has rounded head fitting into shallow glenoid cavity of scapula |
| anatomical neck | inferior to the head is a slight constriction |
| intertubercular sulcus | intertubercular groove; furrow on the upper part of the humerus occupied by the long head of the biceps |
| greater/lesser tubercles | two bony projections, separated by the intertubercular sulcus, which are sites of muscle attachment |
| surgical neck | distal to the greater/lesser tubercles; most frequent location for fractures on humerus |
| deltoid tuberosity | midpoint of shaft, roughened area, where deltoid muscle attached |
| radial groove | runs obliquely down posterior aspect of the shaft; marks course of radial nerve |
| trochlea | articular surface on the medial condyle of the humerus; articulates with processes of forearm |
| capitulum | lateral ball-like; articulates with processes of forearm |
| coronoid fossa | anterior depression above trochlea; flanked by medial & lateral epicondyles |
| olecranon fossa | posterior depression; flanked by medial & lateral epicondyles |
| medial & lateral epicondyles | corresponding processes of ulna move freely when elbow is bent/extended, due to these depressions |
| Forearm is made of 2 bones; the ____ & ____ | radius & ulna |
| radius | lateral bone, when in the anatomical position, on the thumb side of the forearm |
| when the hand is rotated, palms faces backwards, the _____ _____ of a radius cross over and end up medial to the ____. | distal ends; ulna |
| radioulnar joints | where the radius & ulna articulate |
| interosseous membrane | the radius & ulna are connected along the entire length of this flexible membrane |
| styloid process | at the distal end of the radius & ulna; long slender pointed bony process which gives attachment to tendons/ligaments |
| the head of the radius forms a joint with the _______ of the humerus | capitulum |
| radial tuberosity | oval eminence on the medial side of radius, distal to the neck, where the tendon of biceps brachii muscle inserts |
| when in the anatomical position the ulna is the ______ bone, on the little finger side) of the forearm | medial |
| anterior coronoid process | flared process of lower anterior part of the articular surface of the ulna fitting into the coronoid fossa when the arm is flexed |
| posterior olecranon process | large process that projects behind the elbow; forms bony prominence of elbow, & receives insertion of triceps muscle |
| trochlear notch | deep depression in proximal end of ulna by which ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus at the elbow |
| the hand consists of ___, ____ & ____ | carpals; metacarpals; phalanges |
| there are ____ carpal bones in the hand | eight |
| carpus | group of bones supporting the wrist; proximal row containing the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum & pisiform which articulate w/radius & distal row which contains trapezium, trapezoid, capitate & hamate which articulate with the metacarpals |
| carpals are bound together by ____ which restrict ______ between them | ligaments; movements |
| metacarpals | any bone of the metacarpus; palm of the hand |
| phalanges | any of the digital bones of the hand/foot distal to the metacarpus; 3 to each finger & toe except for the thumb & big toe which have 2 each |
| the knuckles are the ____ of the metacarpals | heads |
| each hand contains ____ phalanges | 14 |
| the phalanges of the fingers are ____, ____ & ____ | proximal, middle & distal |
| phalanges of the thumb are ___ & ____ | proximal & distal |
| pelvic girdle | paired hips bones articulating solidly with the sacrum dorsally & with one another at the pubic symphysis |
| coxal bones | ossa coxae/hip bone; lrg flaring bone making up lateral half of the pelvis |
| coxal bones are composed of the _____, ____ & _____ which are all one bone in an adult | ilium, ischium & pubis |
| together the hips bones, sacrum & coccyx form the ____ _____ | bony pelvis |
| pelvic girdle = | 2 coxal bones |
| bony pelvis = | 2 coxal bones, sacrum & coccyx |
| the most important function of the pelvic girdle is | bearing weight |
| What lies within the bony pelvis? | reproductive organs, urinary bladder & part of the large intestines |
| ilium | dorsal, upper and the largest of the 3 bones composing either lateral half of the pelvis |
| sacroiliac joint | joint/articulation between sacrum & ilium |
| iliac crest | thick curved upper border of ilium |
| anterior superior iliac spine | projection at anterior end of iliac crest |
| posterior superior iliac spine | projection at posterior end of iliac crest |
| anterior inferior iliac spine | projection on the anterior margin of the ilium that is situated below the anterior superior iliac spine and is separated from it by a notch |
| posterior inferior iliac spine | projection on the posterior margin of the ilium that is situated below the posterior superior iliac spine and is separated from it by a notch |
| ischium | dorsal & posterior of 3 principal bones composing either 1/2 of pelvis; thick portion, large rough eminence on which body rests when sitting and a forwardly directed ramus which joins that of the pubis |
| ischial tuberosity | bony swelling on posterior part of superior ramus of ischium; gives attachment to various muscles & bears weight of the body when sitting |
| ischial spine | thin point triangular eminence projects from dorsal border of ischium; superior to ischial tuberosity |
| greater sciatic notch | either of 2 notches on dorsal border of hip bone which allow blood vessels & large sciatic nerve to pass from pelvis posteriorly into the thigh |
| pubis | pubic bone most anterior part of a coxal bone |
| rami | plural of ramus; projecting part, elongated process or branch |
| obturator foramen | opening that is the largest foramen in human body; situated between ischium & pubis; allows passage of nerves to pass into anterior thigh |
| pubic symphysis | rigid articulation of 2 pubic bones in midline of lower anterior of abdomen |
| the pubic symphysis is a ______ joint | cartilaginous |
| acetabulum | deep socket where ilium, ischium & pubis fuse |
| the acetabulum receives the ____ of the thigh bone | head |
| false pelvis | superior to the true pelvis; area medial to flaring portions of the ilia |
| true pelvis | surrounded by bone lying inferior to flaring parts of ilia & pelvic brim |
| outlet | inferior opening of pelvis measured between ischial spines |
| inlet | superior opening between right/left sides of pelvic brim |
| female inlet is ____ & more ____ than the male | larger; circular |
| female pelvis is _____ than the male | shallower |
| female ilia flare more_____ that the male | laterally |
| female sacrum is ____ & less ____ than the male | shorter; curved |
| female ischial spines are shorter & _____ ____ than the male; make the outlet ____ | farther apart; larger |
| female ____ ____ is more rounded because the angle of the ___ ___ is greater than the male | purch arch |
