| Giverは Receiver [me]に Somethingを くれます。/Giver [outsider]は Receiver [my family member]に Somethingを くれます。 | (giving) Verbs of giving and receiving reflect horizontal and vertical relationships in Japanese society: the verb chosen depends on the relative status of the giver and receiver, and whether the giver is an outsider or a member of one's in-group. |